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Thursday, March 26, 2020

盛松成:美联储宽松政策旨在预防长期衰退

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近期,受新冠肺炎疫情冲击,美国乃至全球金融市场巨震,各国纷纷掀起降息潮。3月3日和15日,美联储两次在原定议息会议前紧急降息,而且推出7000亿美元量化宽松计划。一时间,对未来不确定性和新一轮危机的担忧弥漫市场,其中不乏对美联储政策的批评和对中国央行是否会跟随的猜测。
 
尽管美联储此轮货币宽松行动在预期管理上存在失误,但行动有其自身逻辑。疫情冲击愈演愈烈,对经济的伤害很大,美股估值已处于高位,最近资产价格的暴跌根本上还是由经济和金融形势决定的,呈现典型的流动性踩踏,因而美联储的行动宜早不宜迟。
 
从美联储推出的一系列政策措施看,核心在于提供信贷可用性,防止短期冲击演变为长期衰退。降息和量化宽松未必能完全解决经济衰退,但可以避免流动性恐慌,防止经济陷入大萧条,这是美联储从过去危机中得到的最大教训和最宝贵经验之一。
 
美联储旨在防止短期冲击演变为长期衰退。事实上,美股下跌并非始于美联储3月降息。2月24日,三大股指第一次跳空下跌,疫情蔓延是造成下跌的直接原因。疫情对美国经济的冲击显而易见。第三产业在美国经济中的占比超过80%,而第三产业恰恰是受疫情冲击最严重的领域。疫情在全球范围内呈加速蔓延的态势,对贸易和生产带来的冲击也不可小觑。央行为维持充分就业和经济稳定,为企业和金融市场提供流动性支持,从而防范疫情对经济影响从短期冲击演变为长期衰退,是无可替代的职责所在。
 
美国目前面临着更复杂的局面。一是疫情冲击恰逢美股估值的顶峰,加速了长期以来累积的资产价格泡沫出清。二是美股乃美国居民财富的重要载体,美股出现系统性恐慌踩踏、抛售,居民财富急剧缩水,将降低居民的消费能力,从而进一步增加了短期冲击演变为长期衰退的风险。
 
美联储的失误在于与市场沟通不够。有观点认为,货币政策宽松不能阻隔病毒的传播,因而美联储降息、扩表并不解决根本问题。事实上,美国的政治和经济制度使其很难做到大面积经济停摆。而美国经济客观上确实需要货币政策支持。考虑到政策传导存在时滞,美联储行动宜早不宜迟,所以现在断言美联储政策正确与否为时尚早。
 
不过,本轮行动中美联储与市场的沟通确实不够充分,两次行动之后都没有向市场传递出有效信息,尤其是没有对下一步行动给出适当的预期。长期来看,美联储行动本身如果正确,市场仍会回归理性解读,但也应尽量避免市场短期误解和恐慌。
 
美联储实行大幅宽松后,多个国家跟随大幅调降政策利率,也引发了市场对中国央行下一步行动的诸多猜测。随着中国国内疫情缓和,现阶段面临的问题和其他国家已经不同。中国央行并未跟随,符合情理。
 
中国经济当务之急是在防控疫情的同时尽快全面复工复产。目前我国央行的政策措施较为清晰,即重点支持疫情防控、全面促进经济发展、定向纾困中小企业等。人民银行已经采用多种工具向市场注入流动性,降低融资成本。目前市场流动性合理充裕,市场利率也不断下降。
 
综上所述,美联储此轮宽松行动和中国央行以我为主的货币政策均有其内在合理逻辑,不同的方式源于疫情防控形势、货币政策传导机制以及国情不同。中国目前的政策措施是建立在经济运行实际情况基础上的,是正确的。从美联储采取的一系列措施来看,基本围绕着信贷可用性,防止短期冲击演变为长期衰退,同样目标明确。
 
新华网报道详情:
http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-03/20/c_1125743798.htm
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