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Sunday, November 24, 2019

中国证券报:“中国式增长”的奥秘

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中欧国际工商学院经济学教授、桑坦德经济学教席教授朱天所着的《中国式增长》一书,深入分析了中国改革开放40多年以来经济发展保持长期高速增长,以及近年来增速相对下行的原因所在。作者还通过区分中长期经济增长和短期经济波动、增长的直接动因和根本动因,为读者剖析了“中国式增长”的特征和动力,阐明了中国经济增长的比较优势。

关于中国经济长期高速增长的原因,一种流行说法是,改革开放以来,中国经济的市场化程度减少,公共部门对经济的干预从微观转入宏观,从而激活了民营经济创新发展的动能。但这种说法明显无法解释中国以外的许多国家和地区,在市场化程度更高、公共部门干预程度更低的情况下,增长水平却相当低。还有一种解释认为,工业化、城市化必然带来经济增长——事实上,西方国家近代确实分别经历过这一进程,但中国城市化水平其实至今也低于西方国家以及部分其他发展中国家。本书也分析认为,中国基础设施建设水平突飞猛进,其实是经济发展取得阶段性成果之后的表现形式,而不是经济增长的原因或者说动力所在。中国以外的其他发展中国家,也并没有因为步入工业化、城市化而取得一个相对较长的增长周期。

中国改革开放吸引了较多外资,包括港澳台地区和海外华侨的投资。书作者指出,中国吸引外商直接投资的FDI总量很高,但占整个GDP总量的比例并不高,1982-2012年的年均比率仅为3%,在世界排名第70名,甚至低于阿塞拜疆、多米尼加、哥斯达黎加、越南、莫桑比克等国。同样,印度的FDI占比也不高,近年来的增长率也很高。

本书指出,要客观、公正地评析中国经济增长的原因,就必须能够区分经济增长与经济波动。影响经济增长的直接动因包括投资、教育和技术进步,而不是媒体上经常讲的消费、投资和出口(这三个要素是总需求的三个组成部分)。消费和出口并不足以驱动长期经济增长,书中给出的依据是,比如约旦和津巴布韦,消费占GDP比重其实超过了100%,而实际GDP增长率相当低,类似的国家还包括牙买加、希腊和肯尼亚。相比之下,中国、韩国、印度的消费率都很低,却有很高的增长率。而依赖出口的很多国家,比率上都超过中国,经济却基本上不增长甚至负增长。

从数据上可以看出,中国改革开放以来的消费率大大低于世界平均水平,而投资率则大大高于均值。但不同于其他一些主要依靠外来投资驱动的经济体,中国、印度的投资来源主要靠的是国内储蓄。1994年以来,中国的储蓄率高于投资率,总体上是资金净流出而非净流入。在小国之中,与中国、印度模式相似的国家就是新加坡和瑞士。

当然,需要指出的是,随着中国经济体量的不断上升,投资的占比会下降,消费占比会上升,这会带来储蓄率部分下降的变化。作者解释,这一转变是必然的,因为中国不同于新加坡和瑞士,如果继续保持很高的储蓄率,拥有很高的贸易顺差率,就只能输出资本,去购买越来越多的国外资产,这会对现存的国际政治和经济秩序带来很大的挑战。这也是为什么近几年来,我国主动加快对外开放,通过举办进博会这样的高规格进口贸易活动来主动增加对外采购和进口,因为以此能够很有效地促进贸易互信。

按照本书的观点,人力资源的积累是经济增长的“第二驾马车”。尽管中国人均受教育年限的数据并不高于世界中位数水平,但基于国际性的中小学数学和科学考试成绩的数据对比,包括中国在内的东亚国家和地区的教育质量要优于世界其他所有发展中国家。书作者认为,“从基础教育治理程度较高这个角度来看,无论是中国过去40年的高速增长,还是之前日本和‘亚洲四小龙’的高速增长,都能得到很好的解释。”书作者还指出,不应依照一些批评家的说法,将考试能力妖魔化并将其与创新能力对立起来。

而在讨论中国创新能力时,书作者认为,中国在许多领域仍需尽快缩小与世界发达国家的差距,但中国创新成果的数量和质量却已经优于其他发展中国家(包括巴西、墨西哥、土耳其等人均收入高于中国的发展中大国)。

书中提出,中国在经济发展方面的比较优势在于文化,包括家庭更加重视孩子的教育,学生学习更加努力,勤俭节约等方面的表现。

在讨论近年来中国经济出现增速相对下行的现象时,作者挑战了部分经济学家宣称中国经济结构出现问题、人口红利消失、创新驱动没有跟上等观点,指出人口红利在中国增长中的作用被过度夸大,而且人口因素对增长的影响是缓慢而长期的;另外,各项指标都显示中国的创新驱动近年来在迅速上升。

中国证券报报道详情:
https://www.toutiao.com/i6762259322454934024/

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