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Friday, November 01, 2019

界面新闻:为什么说“混乱”才应是平台化企业的常态?

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未来的企业需要适度的混乱,只有当其处于混乱状态的时候,快速迭代和自我新陈代谢才有可能。
 
中欧国际工商学院管理学教授、拜耳领导力教席教授、欧洲事务副教务长忻榕,阿里巴巴产业互联网研究中心主任、中欧国际工商学院战略学副教授陈威如,上海博尔捷企业集团创始人及董事长侯正宇在《平台化管理》一书中如是写到。
 
滴滴出行的驾驶员并非其内部员工,而是外部资源。当一个订单请求生成后,如何匹配、分派给等待的司机?如何保障服务质量?这看起来很乱,但是滴滴后台对人员接单的设计,对服务的全程跟踪,平定了一次次的“混乱”。
 
亚马逊的众包人力资源网络平台土耳其机器人,通过连接平台上发布工作任务的“请求者”和完成任务的“工作者”,可调用全球的人力资源,把任务分配给具有相关技能的程序员,来执行目前计算机尚不足以胜任的任务。机器人指挥人类工作,这乱不乱?但技术实现了脑力工作的自动化,人事主管不用再绞尽脑汁地想如何把合适的工作安排给合适的人,数字化平台将化繁为简、有条不紊地管理人力。
 
传统企业的组织结构是“一个萝卜一个坑”,内部层级鲜明,流程繁复,员工各司其职;“边界”帮助企业规避风险,“规矩”和“等级”助管理者掌控全局。然而,决策权的高度集中、部门间的高墙林立滋生了信息不透明、“拍脑袋”决策,以及内部斗争的产生,这使得创新难以突围,组织变得愈加僵化,在瞬息万变的环境中无所适从。
 
10月30日,在中欧国际工商学院举办的“数字时代企业转型升维之道暨《平台化管理》新书发布会”上,忻榕对界面新闻记者表示,“混乱”意指有机的、动态的平衡。在技术建设成熟的基础上,企业能够确保客户价值、员工士气不被损害,这个时候,对自我的调试和改变才是“适度的混乱”。
 
看似混乱的平台企业并非陷入了混沌、杂乱的管理,它依靠强大的数字化管理系统,遵循分立与统合、敏捷与稳健、科技与情感兼容的平台化管理,变得边界虚无、反应迅速、管理高效,成为了“乱中有序”的柔性化组织。
 
德勤每接到一个新客户便会产生一个对此负责的项目小组。它由项目负责人牵头,组织结构的搭建、组成人员的产生、每人具体的职责、团队间的配合与淘汰机制都按照实际需求灵活操作。这种形式打破了部门隔阂、释放了个人才能,并时刻警醒团队与个人不可松懈,生动演绎了部门和个体之间的分立与统合。
 
灵活和敏捷对于平台化组织至关重要,与此同时,企业还需兼具高度稳定的平台、完善的结构和流程。这个稳定不是指传统意义上的员工终老退休、人员不流动,而更多地指向稳定的中台和后台的搭建。这将能够减少风险,为平台上的各板块赋能。
 
科技与情感看似水火不容,实能水乳交融。忻榕、陈威如和侯正宇回复界面新闻的提问时指出,现在的管理主要是基于定性决策和经验判断的感性管理,而人工智能将辅助管理者决策,利用数据智能剔除非理性因素,提高管理的公平性、实时性、多元性和系统性。例如,针对每一个新入职的员工,安永会根据其教育背景、学习和工作经历,以及专业领域,由系统自动匹配导师。员工的专业知识、职业发展、自我价值体现以及个体理想的实现都可以和导师进行交流。
 
同时,管理者还要构建共情的“万有引力”,营造良好的工作氛围,激发员工的自我驱动力,从而以情商弥补数据智能的理性,在数据之上增加人性化的解读。安永的“师带徒”制度中,系统负责自动匹配并初步选取3位导师,此后,员工可根据自己的喜好进一步选择。配对成功后,员工将进行为期3个月的培训,这3个月也是员工和导师的磨合“试用期”。只有双方都满意,“师徒”关系才会“转正”,变为“终身制”。
 
而要转型为乱中有序的柔性化组织,《平台化管理》认为,企业应构建“大平台+小前端+富生态+共治理”的组织形态。
 
具体来说,“大平台”的作用是赋能,指的是一套系统化操作流程,为前端产品提供快速设计方法和系统性后端服务,而“小前端”则是灵活多变的一线业务人员。
 
例如韩都衣舍在前端约有300个产品小组,在日常运作中,产品小组将得到来自中后台7个支撑体系的赋能。这些产品小组通常由3个不同的职能部门的员工组成,后方的职能体系则负责为前端的3人小团队输送资源与服务。
 
为促进“大平台”与“小前端”的无缝连接,企业还需以数字化的中台为基础。它将为前台业务运营和创新提供专业能力,解决业务响应慢、决策瓶颈等问题。阿里巴巴入股后的银泰百货便建立中台,打通线上线下和各门店间的壁垒,实现了全渠道会员数据的统一管理。在商品管理上,银泰通过进销库存一体化、订单智能分配等功能,使其门店之间共享商品信息。
 
“富生态+共治理”模式指的是在互惠机制的运行下,通过产业链的上下游互通,形成一个高效的商业体系,从而保证生态圈的平衡与持续发展。
 
例如阿里巴巴的生态圈内,上层有淘宝C2C、天猫C2B,还有1688的B2B业务等电子商务平台,中层有支付宝处理收付款业务,物流有菜鸟的物流平台,底层有阿里投资和小微银行实现资金的管理和增值。
 
小米的生态圈则以手机硬件为核心,辅以生活、娱乐、家具、智慧等产品,建立了一个能从各个方面渗透用户生活的活跃生态体系。截至2017年12月,小米平台上的联网设备数量已经超过8500万,覆盖约800种产品以及超过400家合作伙伴。
 
不过,忻榕强调,这并不是鼓励所有企业都走向平台化。平台化改造涉及内部各管理体系的重构、业务模式及流程改变、风险控制、文化建设等一系列复杂内容,盲目跟风将影响组织的业务、领导层和价值体系,导致局面失控,陷入真正的混乱。企业应根据自身的情况理性地判断,是自建生态,还是融入生态、共享生态。
 
界面新闻报道详情:https://m.jiemian.com/article/3636302.html
 
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