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Wednesday, May 19, 2021

全国性碳排放交易市场要来了,会带来哪些改变?

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作为实现碳达峰与碳中和目标的核心政策工具之一,全国性碳排放权交易市场计划今年6月底启动运营。碳市场如何发挥市场机制,真正促成碳减排?中欧国际工商学院经济学教授张爽进行了深度的分析。

张爽表示,“中国目前正在推行全国性碳排放交易制度,我认为这是一个非常好的政策。此前,在控制碳排放方面,我们主要还是依靠行政指令。但从企业的角度,碳排放产生的社会成本并不直接可见,全球变暖和自己的关系也没有那么密切,所以很难有动力去采取行动,何况节能减排意味着额外的企业成本支出。“

2017年,中国的全国碳排放交易体系正式启动建设。这一体系的设计原理,主要是通过市场机制来调节碳排放。将高排放企业纳入交易体系,并为其设定一个排放限额。如果企业碳排放低于限额,节约出来的额度成为碳资产,可以在交易系统中进行售卖,以获取收益。他表示,中国愿意积极采取措施应对全球气候变化,体现了一个大国的担当。而建立全国性碳排放交易市场,无疑是履行担当的重要一步。中国的碳排放交易市场建立起来后,有望成为全球最大的碳交易市场,其碳减排总量将远远超过欧盟碳交易中心的减排量。

中国的碳排放交易系统,经历了一个长期的酝酿过程。2010年,中国启动了碳排放交易计划。之后,2013年,深圳、上海、北京纳入试点;2014年,重庆、广东、湖北、天津纳入试点。在7个地区完成第一阶段的试点后,2016年7月开始又进行了第二阶段的试点。据不完全估计,这7个试点地区的碳排放量,占全国碳排放总量的7%左右。

张爽和研究团队通过研究这7个试点地区在采取碳排放交易计划之前和之后大气能见度的变化,得出了一些有趣的发现。

在试点的第一阶段(2014-2016年),是否纳入试点对当地的大气能见度几乎没有影响。但是,在进入第二阶段后(2016年之后),相比于非试点地区来说,试点地区的大气能见度有比较明显的改善。

碳排放交易试点对建立全国性碳排放交易市场提供了良好的借鉴。但是要想全国推广,其难度是巨大的。因为7个试点地区经济相对发达、市场化程度相对较高,而我国不同区域间经济发展水平的差距依然较大。另外,我国大部分碳排放量较大的企业是国有企业,而国有企业面临的市场化程度相对较低,因此他们参与市场化的碳排放交易目前来看是一个难题。

另外,试点地区花了好几年时间,碳排放交易才逐渐活跃起来。张爽表示,未来如果要想把市场化程度更低的地区纳入碳排放交易系统,培育市场的时间势必要更长。而培育市场的其中一个关键,就是要让碳交易的价格更好地反应企业的减排成本。如果交易价格太低,没有企业愿意主动减排,将省下来的配额拿到交易市场去售卖。交易价格怎样才能上去呢?最好的方法或许是由市场的供需关系来形成有效的价格机制。

总而言之,当前建成全国性的碳排放交易市场,是一个非常重要的进步,但面临的挑战是巨大的,道路也是漫长的。

全国性碳排放交易市场首先纳入的是全国性的电力企业,张爽认为这是非常必要且水到渠成的选择。首先,现在国家大力提倡清洁能源,且火电厂是碳排放大户;另外,电力行业此前就面临着一系列节能减排的监管要求。由于用电量和碳排放量一定程度上呈正相关关系(例如一些互联网电商企业,碳排放主要来自于数据中心,而数据中心的电脑耗电量较大),因此未来用电大户也可能会被纳入到全国性碳排放交易系统。

不过,在此基础之上,张爽也表示,还有必要采取一些配套措施。例如,当前我国严控销售电价。但是,一旦电力企业被纳入碳交易平台,就促使其使用更清洁的能源来发电,单位发电成本势必会上升。如果电价不放松,电力企业的利润会被压缩,其就没有动力去推动降低碳排放。

另外,严控电价,让电价保持在较低水平,会使得那些耗电量较大的行业和企业没有动力来推动节能,降低电力消费。所以,为配合推动碳交易制度的实施,电价制度改革未来有必要提上日程,让市场供需关系来主导电价的变动。总之,不管是碳交易的价格,还是配套的电价改革等,最重要的是让市场发挥主导作用。在全球范围内来看,通过市场化的方式来处理碳排放问题是成本较低的一种可行方式,如果在这方面能做好,中国就会在全球范围内起到示范作用。张爽也表示,随着碳排放交易市场的成立,产业升级的速度也将加快。很多企业与其被动等待,不如主动利用这个契机,推动企业发展模式的转型,从而更轻松地通过此次“大考”。

来源|文汇网

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