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Monday, December 21, 2020

“三十而立”的中国资本市场,未来将开启“内循环”?丨教授观点

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1990年12月19日,上海证券交易所开业,“老八股”上市交易;12月1日,深圳证券交易所试营业,并于次年7月正式营业——这两家交易所的成立,标志着全国性资本市场正式形成。从1990到2020年,中国资本市场从零开始,一跃成为世界第二大资本市场。截至2020年12月初,两市已有上市公司4120家,总股本达到7.33万亿股,总市值达到83.17万亿元。然而,在取得举世瞩目成就的同时,中国资本市场也显现出市场结构不均衡、资源配置效率不高等一系列问题。对此,中欧国际工商学院芮萌、苏锡嘉和黄生三位教授将从各自的研究领域出发,来讲述和阐释中国资本市场风雨兼程的30年。

1
中国市场经济改革的试验田

1990年年底,国家先后设立深交所和上交所两大证券交易所。设立的目的,更多还是把其当做中国市场经济改革的一块试验田。伴随着之后中国经济的腾飞,中国资本市场在30年间一共经历了4次制度改革,对其自身发展起到了至关重要的推动作用。

第一阶段(1990-1992年)
初创期。在这段时期,中国证监会还没有成立,政府也还没有出台证券法,股票市场由多个部门共同监管。所以,当时的监管体制还稍显稚嫩,股票供给也非常少,甚至会出现股民疯抢的情况。

第二阶段(1993-1998年)

审批制阶段。1993年,全国统一的股票发行审核制度建立,以行政主导的审批制开始付诸实施,以维护上市公司的稳定。审批制先后经历了“额度管理”和“指标管理”两个阶段,但市场在定价等诸多方面都受到行政干预。

第三阶段(1999-2019年)

核准制阶段。核准制以强制性信息披露为核心,旨在强化中介机构的责任,减少行政干预。另外,证监会在整个过程中也会起到监管和审核的作用,而在实际操作中,市场依然没有摆脱行政干预的色彩。

第四阶段(2019-目前)

科创板开板、注册制实行、新《证券法》实施,这些都是中国资本市场进一步改革的措施。同时,中国资本市场对境外合格投资者的开放举措也不断加码,比如取消了一定的牌照限制、股权限制等等。

总的来说,中国资本市场的成长与发展依靠股权分置、发行制度、交易制度以及外资准入制度这四大改革方向。值得注意的是,从数据来看,我们目前85%左右的企业融资主要还是依靠银行,而非资本市场。也就是说,虽然中国资本市场发展了30年,但股市在中国经济中扮演的融资角色还是次要的,其第一要务依旧是市场经济改革的试验田。

目前,我们已经是世界第二大资本市场,这和我们世界第二大经济体的身份相匹配。但中国经济想要由大变强,依靠的不仅仅是股票市场,归根结底还是取决于实体经济。

 

2
理想的资本市场:
好公司+理性投资者

回顾中国资本市场30年的历程,我想到了当年证监会首席顾问梁定邦先生讲述的一个有趣的故事。为了能够建立和培养中国的证券市场,梁先生曾告诉时任总理朱镕基,中国的人口现状是大量的中青年养活少量的老年人,但这样的人口结构终究会倒过来,到了那个时候,少量的中青年如何养活大量的老年人?唯一的办法就是,让目前正在工作的中青年将收入的一部分拿出来作退休基金,并投入到股市中。这样一方面可以让企业发展有稳定的资金来源,另一方面则可以让这部分人退休的时候有稳定的经济来源。

据说梁定邦先生的这个想法最终打动了朱镕基总理,这也是中国资本市场区别于其他国家的地方:我们的股市不仅承担了资源配置的工作,还在一定程度上承担了社会维稳的工作。所以,我们不能用其他国家、其他市场的规则和常理来判断中国的资本市场。

就拿最近被暂缓上市的蚂蚁金服为例,各方其实都希望在博弈中寻找一条最佳路线——尽量减少社会震荡,让民众有一个进入该行业投资的机会,同时也让市场能够得到一些资源和经营条件方面的许可。这个博弈才刚刚开始,但我相信各方应该可以找到一个彼此都能接受且社会成本最低的方案,我们需要有一点耐心。

资本市场不是让大家发财的,而是要解决社会资源配置的问题。对于资源配置,我们有一个基本目标就是要增加直接投资的比重。一个好的资本市场需具备两个要素:一是有大量的理智、清醒、理性的投资者;二是有值得投资的,有愿景、能创造价值的好公司。你不能指望每个股东都那么理智,也不能指望每一家公司都是好的,但是,一个股市的主体必须要将这两种要素结合在一起,才可以实现健康发展。

 

3
未来开启资本市场“内循环”?

谈到中国资本市场的发展,就不得不提及美国市场,因为它长期以来是核准制下过不了关的中国创新企业的重要融资和投资者退出之地。过去20年,美国国内的IPO(首次公开募股)市场呈现出剧烈的萎缩状态,在纽约证券交易所和纳斯达克交易所新上市的IPO公司越来越少,总的上市数量跌至每年差不多100家左右,这其中还包括了IPO比例不断上升的外国公司,尤其是中概股,其所占比例已经超过外国公司IPO总数的一半。

仅在2019年,就有25家中资企业赴美上市,占到在美上市企业总数的近20%,而这一数字在2020年可能还要更高。遗憾的是,美国市场政治化倾向变浓,美国参众两院高票通过《外国公司问责法》,对在美上市的外国企业进行更加严格的审核。尽管该法案给了这些企业三年合规时间,因此留下了中美双方就此跨境监管合作斡旋的时间,但这样的不确定性无论对中概股还是美国资本市场自身都将造成比较大的影响。

从中国企业来看,不少在美国上市的公司,其融资体量之大、频率之高是甚至包括香港在内的国内市场所不一定能承受的,无论是从监管角度还是市场深度来判断。以拼多多赴美上市为例,这家企业在2018年赴美IPO融资达16.3亿美元;半年之后,其FPO(后续公开募股)又融资12亿美元;2019年9月,发行可转债融资达10亿美元;2020年3月,定向增发11亿美元;就在上个月,这家企业又进行了可转债+增发,最高融资金额可能达到61亿美元。从上市以来短短的一年半时间,拼多多的股价表现与融资实现了很好的正向互动。

所以,在我看来,美国资本市场对中概股乃至是中国的创新生态,还是有一定的历史贡献的。毕竟它们的市场深度、机构的力量和比例,在全世界范围内几乎是无可比拟的。

但无论是主动变革还是为应对美国监管部门可能对中国企业的态度更政治化的不利局面,我们看到国内资本市场在过去一段时间进行了大规模的改革,我把这些改革称为“国产替代”。从2019年至今不到两年,中国上市公司增加了400多家,上市公司总数已超过4100家,另外还有2000家左右的企业正在排队上市……

在我看来,国内资本市场的改革,应遵循资本支持产业、产业回报资本的逻辑。一方面,流动性宽松环境下,资本寻求回报,居民有财富管理需求,但投资标的资产有限;另一方面,科创企业又有大量的、长期的资本支持需求。因此,我们是不是应该有一个资本市场版的“内循环”?当然,资金的供给和需求能否匹配,这要取决于市场能否发挥资源配置的功能及其效率,以及能否给投资人带来合理的投资回报。从这一点来看,中国资本市场的改革正在朝这个方向发展,目前也取得了一定的效果。

目前,中国的资本市场还是处于政策的红利期,其带来的直接结果就是整个创投体系和生态的活跃度不断提升。但伴随而来的是,一部分板块的估值偏高,有些可能已经与纳斯达克泡沫时期相提并论,甚至更高,这可能会有一定的风险,但目前一些聪明钱依旧还身处其中,监管也保持着一定的容忍度。问题是,因为长期机构的缺失,市场上充斥着短期情绪,这也必将带来市场的波动性,而这对科创企业所需的长期思维也不利。

中国资本市场的改革正当其时。多层次资本市场体系的建设,有利于不同公司或同一公司在不同阶段的资本运作。未来一定时期内,上市公司的数量将快速增加,大多数行业仍处于扩张期。但从中长期看,则会出现一个产业整合的过程,企业资本化后也带来了整合的需求和便利。整合的结果是,市场会集中到两头:一头是大企业,有很强的盈利能力去做从1到N的事情;另一头是创新的中小企业,它们则负责去做从0到1的事情。

另外,有前瞻性视野的金融机构,眼光不能仅停留在IPO注册制带来的机会上,也应该对已经开始进行的产业整合和行业效率提升进行业务布局,研究如何引领企业为未来计划,以及如何在为企业未来发展提供增值服务的同时,为自身创造更多于同行的机会。

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