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Thursday, June 10, 2021

薪酬差距越大,企业效率越低?

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柏拉图认为,在一个理想的社会中,最富者的收入不应该超过最穷者收入的5倍。

不过研究表明,将薪酬与绩效挂钩的薪酬体系,会有效地提高企业的效率和经济价值。虽然有充分的理由将高层管理人员的薪酬与公司的绩效挂钩,但不同量级的薪酬使得公司员工之间的薪酬差距越来越大。

这引发了一个有趣的问题,即高层管理人员和组织内其他员工之间不断扩大的薪酬差异,是否会影响公司的效率?

高管薪酬如何影响企业绩效?

关于高层管理者和组织内其他员工之间的薪酬差异对员工行为的影响,主要有两类相矛盾的理论。

一种理论认为,管理者与员工之间的巨大薪酬差异,会导致员工产生不平等的感觉,进而产生破坏性行为,降低组织的效率。

而另一类相反的理论则认为,高收入差距,可能是传递给低收入员工的一个信号,即他们的薪酬在未来可能会增加,这将使他们更加努力工作。

与之类似,竞争理论认为,较大的薪酬差异是员工努力工作的有效激励因素,鼓励员工为实现更高水平的等级和薪酬而展开的健康竞争。此外,高收入差距也一定程度上反映出管理人才相对于劳动力供应的相对短缺。

根据以往的研究,不同级别员工和管理者之间较高的薪酬差异可以用“锦标赛理论”解释。

在公司内部,高层管理者之间的薪酬差距会加大,这为较低级别的经理和员工争取晋升创造了很强的激励,意味着他们将付出巨大的努力赢得锦标赛奖(伴随晋升所得的薪酬会大幅增加)。

然而从另一方面来说,在争取晋升的过程中,锦标赛激励也会促使高管在决策时更加激进和冒险。与锦标赛理论的预测相反,有研究通过实证发现较高的CEO薪酬份额(CEO所拿薪酬远高于紧随其后的四位高管的薪酬)会使得公司代理成本上升,企业价值下降。

较高相对薪酬不利于绩效

我们通过中国上市公司自愿披露的薪酬合同可以发现:

超过半数的高管薪酬是与业绩相关的,而在国有控股的上市公司中,绩效奖励更高;高管的基本薪酬可以是普通员工平均薪酬的数倍;

在聘用和留住优秀管理人员方面,与其他公司的竞争被认为是决定高管薪酬的其中一个因素;

绩效工资主要是基于超出以净利润、资产回报率、净资产收益率(ROA或ROE)、经济增加值(EVA)、销售额、运营效率等指标所做的预算,但很少有公司使用股票收益作为业绩指标,一些公司会使用行业平均值作为绩效基准。

自2007年以来,越来越多的公司将非财务绩效指标纳入了薪酬计算体系中,这在政府管控的上市公司中更为常见。非财务绩效指标包括安全记录、项目完成情况、就业水平和政策措施。

根据来自国内的数据,我们认为较高的相对薪酬会对绩效产生不利影响。因为较高的相对薪酬会使得员工之间的冲突加剧和员工士气的丧失,从而对公司生产效率产生负面影响。

我们的参照群体是最高管理层的薪酬和其他公司内部所有员工的平均薪酬,高薪酬差距会疏远员工,导致公司生产力下降。相反,如果相对薪酬与绩效之间存在正相关的关系,那么这将为锦标赛理论和员工未来获得更高收入的信号效应理论提供论证支持。

有研究显示,相比私人控股公司,国有控股上市公司员工比私人控股公司员工对高相对薪酬表现出更大的不满情绪。由此,当高层管理人员和普通员工之间的薪酬差距增大时,国有控股公司员工的工作态度会变差,企业效率降低。

以往的研究显示,情感冲突与决策质量和决策的情感接受度之间存在显著的负相关关系。从基于公平性的实证研究发现,在群体中,为了加强团队的合作和沟通,较小的薪酬差异是很有必要的。

薪酬差异与更高的功能失调、情感冲突和更低的有用认知冲突有关,特别是当工作开展非常依赖团队合作和互动时。在劳动密集型企业,团队合作更有可能发挥重要作用,因为与销售相比,这里的劳动力成本相对较高。

高管薪酬与企业绩效的关系

我们选取了沪深两市上市的非金融公司高管薪酬和员工薪酬信息。员工薪酬使用公司现金流量中所有员工的总薪酬,然后除以员工总数进行计算。2001年以来,公司会披露三位薪酬最高董事的集体薪酬,我们使用这一集体薪酬的平均值作为高管薪酬。

面板数据显示,薪酬最高的执行董事的平均薪酬和中位数分别为29.4万元和24.6万元,相对薪酬的中值为5.69,这表明国内最高管理层的平均工资是普通员工工资的近6倍,远低于美国的数据。

之前的研究发现,2003年标准普尔500指数成分股公司中,CEO的薪酬达到普通员工收入的300倍。与发达国家相比,中国管理者和员工的平均薪酬差距较低。

在样本期间,最高管理层每年的平均薪酬从2001年的11.5万元增加到2012年的40.7万元。数据显示,私人和国有控股上市公司的高管薪酬每年都有超过10%的增长,在薪酬增长率方面,两者差异相对较小。

平均而言,相对薪酬随着时间的推移已经表现得相当稳定。然而,国有控股上市公司的相对薪酬较低,这在一定程度上反映出政府在控制相对薪酬并使其保持在较低水平的影响力。

1、高管薪酬越高,相对薪酬的公平性越重要

通过对高管薪酬、薪酬对比关系和公司绩效之间的回归结果显示,高管薪酬与全要素生产率之间存在正相关关系,即高管薪酬越高,企业中各个要素投入的综合生产率也会越高。

通过对高管薪酬和相对薪酬之间的交互项回归结果显示系数为负且显著,也就是说随着高管薪酬的增加,企业内薪酬差异幅度越大,生产运营效率越低。

当我们用员工人均销售额替换全要素生产率时也得到了相似的结果,结果显示员工人均销售额与高管薪酬正相关,高管薪酬越高,员工人均销售额越高。同样地,人均销售额与相对薪酬呈现负相关,相对薪酬越高,员工人均销售额越低。

2、相对薪酬对民营企业影响较小

我们考察所有权因素,即私人控股企业和国有控股企业是否在影响相对高管薪酬与企业绩效之间关系方面存在差异。结果显示,私人控股上市公司中高管薪酬,对人均销售额的影响较小。我们同时发现,无论是国有控股还是私人控股,对相对薪酬没有显著的影响。

因此,与国有控股上市公司的员工相比,私人控股上市公司的员工似乎对高管与普通员工之间较高的薪酬差距并没有那么担忧。

3、劳动密集型企业更看重薪酬的平等

我们引入了企业成本结构进行分析:如果总的劳动成本占销售额的比重较高,就代表企业属于劳动密集型行业,需要员工之间的高度合作。如果薪酬差距确实影响员工士气和生产力,那么劳动力成本较高的公司应该会受到最大的影响。

结果与我们推测一致,相对薪酬与公司绩效之间呈负相关关系。那些需要更多团队合作的劳动密集型企业而言,员工薪酬差异越大,公司绩效越低。

此外,我们还有一个有趣的发现,高管薪酬对劳动密集型企业生产率的影响较小。这似乎说明,劳动密集型企业更注重普通员工之间的公平性。

4、政府干预对企业绩效影响较小

我们的政府干预数据来自于世界银行的调查报告,这项调查覆盖了全国120个城市的12400家公司,对城市特征、政府效率、和谐社会进程方面提供了详细数据。

我们设定了一个政府质量或干预的综合指数(GQ),包含四个变量,分别是公司支付的有效税收和行政费用占总销售额的比重、公司旅游娱乐支出占总销售额比重、公司每年与政府部门的平均交涉时间、对法院的信心。

其中,最后一个变量可以反映出当企业家在寻求商业纠纷的法律解决方案时是否对地方法院有信心,也是衡量政府通过法律制度保护产权施加影响的一项指标。GQ值越高代表政府干预程度越高。

我们进一步检验政府对当地经济的干预,是否会对薪酬和企业生产率之间的关系产生影响,结果表明位于政府干预程度较高城市的企业生产率较低,然而,这两者之间的关系不是很显著。

更为重要的一点是,薪酬和政府干预的交互作用对企业生产率的影响不大。这说明,相对于外部环境,企业的发展更依赖其自身竞争力的培养。

对中国企业而言,与业绩挂钩的高管薪酬有助于提升企业的竞争力,但需要注意的是,企业不能只注重高管激励而忽视员工薪酬的增长。尤其是在需要密切团队配合的企业中,薪酬差异不宜过大,否则因薪酬差距过大而造成的对立情绪,反而会影响企业的绩效。

来源 | 第一财经

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